Many years ago I wrote a Star Trek(tm) based game--the kind that used text instead of graphics. This was the thing programmers did back then and there were a few of these games around (before Paramount realized that it had forgotten to trademark the Star Trek(tm) and clamped down). What does this have to do with writing?
As a result of the game I was asked to write a magazine article around the dialogue in the game. For, you see, my game was different--it actually used character dialogue in addition to the ASCII grid that represented space and the ships. It accepted phrases as commands rather than just single characters. It was more immersive.
I'm not going to echo the article. The point of the article, however, was that the game worked well because the characters and dialogue in the game were true to the characters of Kirk, Spock, and McCoy. That's a key takeaway for all writers. The voice of your characters needs to be true to the characters themselves. Most people find writing dialogue difficult--action comes easier. There are certain habits a writer can form that will aid in the task.
The first, and most obvious, is to listen. That sounds straightforward, but listen to what? Listen to what is said--the content. Listen to how it's said. Is there a dialect or accent? No? Everyone has a dialect. If you aren't hearing one it's probably yours. In addition to the accent, listen to the cadence--the rhythm. This is due in part to the dialect and in part to the individual. Listen to what is said--no I didn't write that twice. Listen to what is really being said behind the vocalizations--the true meaning of what is said. Listen for emotion--or lack thereof. Stress, pitch, rate, breathing interrupting the speech, and how all of these change while the person is speaking are just important as physical mannerisms.
The next habit to form is to listen to yourself. That is, be aware of how you sound so that you can avoid writing all of your characters as if they were you. A universe filled with people who sound just like you would be boring to your readers.
Next, make sure your character's speech and dialogue is true to the character. If your inner-city kid has a western twang there better be a reason and that reason needs to be revealed in what you're writing either explicitly or implicitly. Stay in character unless there is some good reason for the character to break speech.
Finally, don't overdo it. Don't paint your characters' speech in broad strokes. The speech isn't the character, it's just one aspect. Your writing needs a voice, but your character's voices shouldn't be yours.
Listen so you may hear.
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